What does physiognomy study?

Physiognomy is the study of the face and its features, particularly in relation to human character and personality traits. This practice dates back to ancient civilizations where it was believed that one's facial characteristics could reveal personal attributes or inclinations. By examining the shape of the face, the alignment of features, and other facial expressions, physiognomists sought to infer aspects of a person’s temperament, morality, or even their potential behavior.

While body structures could relate to physical appearance, and mental states and spiritual health generally pertain to internal conditions rather than facial features, physiognomy is specifically focused on how one's outward appearance—especially the face—relates to their inner qualities. This makes the study of physiognomy distinct and firmly rooted in the analysis of facial features to draw conclusions about character.