Long-term uncontrolled diabetes mellitus frequently leads to which condition?

Long-term uncontrolled diabetes mellitus often leads to atherosclerosis due to chronic high blood sugar levels, which can damage blood vessels over time. This condition involves the buildup of plaques in the arteries, which can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. High glucose levels contribute to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and increased oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, all of which are key factors in the development of atherosclerosis.

While hypertension, neuropathy, and retinopathy are also complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes, atherosclerosis specifically pertains to the progressive damage to the vascular system. Over time, this can result in serious cardiovascular events such as heart attacks or strokes, making atherosclerosis a critical concern for individuals with untreated or poorly managed diabetes.